How does Trump’s triumph impact Japan?

トランプ氏勝利の要因と日本への影響は?

Prof. Takita speaks to Hakumon Herald

 

―滝田賢治教授が語る―

Donald Trump appeals to the audiences during his presidential election campaign. Jiji Photo
Donald Trump appeals to the audiences during his presidential election campaign. Jiji Photo

The results of the U.S. presidential election on November 8 defied all prediction across the world. Surprisingly, Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton who had been strongly favored by influential media like The New York Times lost by a razor-thin margin to Republican nominee Donald Trump. The real-estate mogul had constantly made offensive remarks on immigration and other sensitive issues during his campaign, sparking a lot of controversy both at home and abroad. President Barack Obama sharply criticized him in August, saying, “The Republican nominee is unfit to serve as president.” Yet Trump emerged victorious from the neck-and-neck race. He will be sworn in as the 45th American president on January 20, 2017. How do pundits view this consequence? Prof. Kenji Takita, of Chuo University’s Faculty of Law, who is familiar with American politics, gave the following remarks during his interview with Hakumon Herald.

 

11月8日、次期米大統領を決める選挙が全米各地で実施された。世界中が注目したこの選挙の結果は、大方の予想を裏切るものとなった。ニューヨーク・タイムズなど主要メディアがこぞって支持を表明していた民主党のヒラリー・クリントン候補が敗れ、共和党のドナルド・トランプ氏が次期大統領の座を掴んだ。選挙序盤でトランプ氏は移民政策などで過激な発言をして国内外に物議をかもし、8月には「彼は大統領となる資質がない」と、現職のバラク・オバマ大統領から名指しで批判されたこともあった。それでもトランプ氏は勝ち、来年1月20日に第45代大統領に就任することになった。この結果を専門家はどう見みているのか。米国政治に詳しい中大法学部の滝田賢治教授は次のように語った。


Trump voiced frustration of middle-class white Americans

白人中間層の不満を代弁したトランプ氏

Trump supporters rally on the street. Picture is taken by Elvert Barnes.
Trump supporters rally on the street. Picture is taken by Elvert Barnes.

Takita: I think Trump’s victory can be analyzed from three factors. A matured globalization was a remote factor. The U.S. economy took hold of world hegemony by capitalizing on the Internet technology after the Cold War. To ensure its further prosperity, it needed to promote free cross-border movement of people, goods and capital, that is, globalization. The U.S.-orchestrated globalization, or so-called Americanization, got off to a good start.

 滝田 「トランプ氏の勝利は3つの要素から分析できる。遠因は行き過ぎたグローバリゼーションだ。冷戦終結後、インターネット技術の応用でアメリカ経済は世界で覇権を握った。さらなる繁栄のためにはヒト・モノ・カネのボーダーレス化、つまりグローバリゼーションが必要だった。アメリカ主導のグローバリゼーション、いわばアメリカナイゼーションの滑り出しは良好だった。

  However, that turned out to be a double-edged sword. American manufacturers moved their production facilities one after another to China and other emerging countries in pursuit of cheaper labor. Low-priced goods produced there flooded the American market. In consequence, they pushed up the country’s unemployment rate.

しかし、それは諸刃の剣だった。安い労働力を求めアメリカ国内から企業が次々と中国をはじめとした新興国に移った。そして、それらの国で生産された安価な製品がアメリカ市場を席巻する。その結果、失業率の増大につながった。

  The mess the globalization brought to American society was an intermediary factor. The country’s tax system that had guaranteed the quality of people’s living fell apart. A failure of wealth redistribution ensued. While big businesses and vested interest groups who got government backing basked in economic growth, middle-class citizens could not partake in its fruit. Their predicament can be accounted by a proximate factor, notably the hike of tuition fees and medicare insurance reforms enforced in a recession.

中間的原因は遠因によって引き起こされた国内社会の混乱だ。国民の生活の質を担保するための税制度が崩壊し、富の再分配は失敗に終わった。政府からのサポートを受けた大企業や既得権益者は成長を実感する一方、中間層はそのうまみを受益できなかったのだ。それは近因とされる高額の学費、不況下での医療保険改革の実施などによって説明される。

  It was at this timing that Trump jumped on the bandwagon. Touting his “America First” approach, he vowed to dispel the anxiety and grievances of middle-class white Americans by dismantling the Obamacare (Medicare reforms), creating jobs through promotion of protectionist trade policies, tightening controls on undocumented immigrants and specific religious groups, and restoring peace and security at home. Those Americans must have felt strong empathy with Trump who looked to voice their frustration.

このタイミングで登場したのがトランプ候補だった。アメリカ第一をスローガンに、オバマケア(医療保険改革)の解体保護貿易の推進による雇用創出不法移民や特定の宗教信者の厳格な取り締まり国内社会の平和と安寧を保つこと、などを繰り返し訴え、白人中間層に高まる不満と不安の払しょくを大々的に打ち出した。自分たちの不満を代弁するトランプ氏に人々は強い共感を覚えたはず。

  On the other hand, the Hilary camp had not pinpointedly delivered to the voters her will to bring about dramatic changes. I would say that the Trump team succeeded in its strategy to elaborately analyze concerns closest to civic life, translate them into short messages and drive them home to the constituents.

 

一方のヒラリー陣営は、大きな変化を実現させようとする意志を特別に表明することはなかった。市民生活に最も近い問題、近因を丁寧に分析し、メッセージ性を持たせて発信するというトランプ陣営の戦略勝ちだったということだ。」


Call for more funding support for U.S. forces in Japan

加速する在日米軍への負担増求める動き

Prof. Kenji Takita speaks during his lecture at Chuo University.
Prof. Kenji Takita speaks during his lecture at Chuo University.

  Takita: I cannot but call Trump’s ideas about diplomacy and security too easy and simplistic. They might have been understandable as campaign gimmicks. However, a pullout of the U.S. forces in Japan and an arbitrary hike of tariffs could consequently put greater pressure on the lives of American citizens. His way of sending simplified messages was effective in achieving a short-term goal, in this case, winning over the undecided voters.

滝田 「トランプ氏の外交・安全保障についての発想は安易だと言わざるを得ない。選挙を有利に進めるためのテクニックだったことは理解できるが、在日米軍撤退や恣意的な関税の引き上げは、結果的に自国民の生活を圧迫させることになる。物事を単純化して伝えることは短期的な利益、つまり得票数を上げるうえで効果的だった。

  However, diplomacy is something that should be considered from a long-term perspective. Diplomatic ties, once impaired, cannot be easily restored. As soon as Trump takes office, he will be held responsible to uphold the support he got from his nation and the rest of the world. His adherence to the hardline approaches wouldn’t prove to Washington’s advantage. For these reasons, I don’t think his new administration will put all his personal views on its policy agenda. Yet Washington may step up its call on Tokyo to pay more to keep the U.S. military presence in Japan by referring to what the Japanese government calls “host nation support.” I think how Tokyo will respond to such demand will become a major issue, given that more than 70% of the U.S. military bases in Japan are concentrated in Okinawa Prefecture.

しかし、外交関係は長期的視野に立って考えるべきものであり、一度傷つくと容易に修復されない。国民からの支持に加え、世界からの支持を維持する責任が生じる任期開始後も、同氏が選挙中と同じ態度を取ることは米国にとって有利に働くことはないだろう。したがって米政府が彼の個人的な見解をすべて政策に落とし込むことは考えにくい。だが、在日米軍への負担増を求める動きに対しては、日本がすでに駐留費をホストネーションサポートや思いやり予算という名で負担していることを指摘し、説得するだろう。駐留米軍の7割強が沖縄に集中している現状を踏まえながら、日本政府がどのように対応するか大きな問題となると思う。」

(Interviewed by: Hideki Kato)

(聞き手は加藤英樹)

 

Prof. Kenji Takita’s brief profile

略歴 滝田賢治教授

 

Born in the city of Yokohama in 1946, Mr. Kenji Takita earned his bachelor degree in English studies at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies in 1970. He entered the Graduate School of Law (International Relations), the Faculty of Law, Hitotsubashi University the following year and completed his Ph.D. there in 1977. After working as a part-time lecturer at Saitama University in 1978, he joined Chuo University as a junior associate professor in 1979, became an associate professor in 1980 and was promoted to professor in 1987. His major is history of international politics, economics and American politics. From 1991 to 1993, he taught at the Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies of George Washington University as a visiting fellow. Prof. Takita is to mandatorily retire from Chuo in March 2017. He is scheduled to give his last lecture on January 17 at Room 8302.

1946年横浜生まれ。70年、東京外国語大学英米語学科卒業、71年一橋大学法学研究科修士課程(国際関係論専攻)入学、77年同博士課程修了。翌年から埼玉大学で非常勤講師を務める。79年中央大学法学部専任講師。80年助教授、87年教授、現在に至る。専門は国際政治経済史、アメリカ外交。91年から93年の二年間、米国ジョージワシントン大学中ソ研究所ヴィジティング・フェロー。

 

2017年3月に中央大学を定年退職。最終講義は来年1月17日の5限、8302教室で実施される。